Ivan KREMPA. Za internaciondlnu jednotu revolulneho hnutia v Ceskoslo- vensku. Podiel slovenskeho a zakarpatskeho robotnickeho hnutia na utvo-reni KSC (1919 - 1921). Bratislava. Nakladatelstvo "Pravda". 1975, 424 s.
The problem of the formation of the revolutionary proletarian vanguard in the era that began after the Great October Socialist Revolution constantly attracts the close attention of Soviet and foreign Marxist historians. These questions are relevant from the point of view of the ideological struggle against the opponents of the communist movement, who vainly try to substantiate the thesis about the" artificial " origin of communist parties, present them as the result of external influence ("hand of Moscow"), etc. Concrete historical research, analysis of the general laws of the emergence of fraternal parties not only help to convincingly refute reformist and revisionist fabrications in in this field, but also reconstruct the true history of the emergence of the modern international communist and labor movement, reveal the great role of the teachings of Marxism-Leninism as its ideological, political and organizational basis, the influence of the Great October Revolution and the rise of the revolutionary movement all over the world on the formation of communist parties.
Recently, a number of works have been published both generalizing in nature, devoted to the history of the creation of communist parties, and specific works that reveal certain aspects and aspects of the development of fraternal parties. In the literature on. In this connection, we should highlight new studies that analyze the ways and peculiarities of the formation of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, the role of V. I. Lenin and the Communist International in helping the Czechoslovak Communists, the problems of combating reformism and opportunism in the course of the party's emergence and development, and, which is characteristic of the latest works in this area, reveal the the national question in the conditions of Czechoslovakia for the formation of the Communist Party, the history of the struggle for the realization of the principle of proletarian internationalism in the working-class movement of this" country1 . In this regard, the reviewed article is
1 See "V. I. Lenin and the Formation of Communist Parties in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe", Moscow, 1973; S. Y. Prunitsya, O. V. Khlanta.-
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The book is of particular interest because it deals with the previously insufficiently researched issue of the process of international rapprochement and unification of the Slovak and Transcarpathian-Ukrainian socialist movement in 1919-1921, that is, on the eve and during the formation of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Published by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovakia (KPS), the book by Doctor of Historical Sciences I. Krempa reveals the contribution of the Slovak and Transcarpathian-Ukrainian revolutionary movement to the creation of the Communist Party of Slovakia, the development of the Transcarpathian labor movement, the formation and mutual influence of the left Czech and Slovak social democratic movement.
The book is the result of a long-term study, which is reflected in a number of articles and publications that have played a role in the development of modern Marxist historiography of the formation of the CHR 2 . I. Krempa introduced factual and documentary material into scientific circulation, attracted sources from the funds of Czechoslovak, Soviet, Hungarian central and peripheral, state and party archives, periodicals, documentary publications and memoirs in Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Ukrainian, German and Russian. In his work, he draws on the achievements and conclusions of the Marxist historiography of the formation of the CHR. Unfortunately, there is no historiographical section in the book, although there is no doubt that the general assessment of the results of research by Czechoslovak and Soviet historians on this issue, as well as criticism of the nationalist, revisionist mistakes made in the works of some Czechoslovak historians in the late 60s, who tried to "revise" the history of the CPC from opportunistic positions, had a significant impact on the it would be of great importance for this work. Currently, Czechoslovak historians are actively fighting against anti-Marxist distortions of the history of the Czechoslovak revolutionary movement, as evidenced primarily by the publication in 1976. "Review of the History of the KCP", prepared by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Central Committee of the KCP and the Institute of Marxism - Leninism of the Central Committee of the KPS, as well as a number of other studies, including a peer-reviewed book.
The initial stage of the revolutionary workers 'and communist movement in Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine is considered in close connection with the struggle of the revolutionary forces of the workers' movement throughout Czechoslovakia for the creation of a single international communist organization in this country. The author traces how the process of revolutionizing the working-class movement took place in the conditions of a multinational bourgeois republic, with significant differences in socio-economic and political spheres, cultural life, and the psychology of various groups and strata of the population, how its vanguard was formed, and what role the struggle against nationalist sentiments that were inflated played in this process the bourgeoisie, what features did the process of maturing of the communist trend in the various national detachments of the proletariat of Czechoslovakia have? These processes are traced by the author in the context of the general development of the revolutionary movement in Central and South - Eastern Europe at that time. The book highlights the influence that the activities of the Communist International led by Lenin had on the formation of the CPC.
The author focuses on the development of the revolutionary movement in Slovakia and especially in Transcarpathian Ukraine, revealing the peculiarity of the transition of the left current in the working-class movement of these regions to the position of the Comintern. The paper focuses on an analysis of the emergence and activities of the International Socialist Party (MSP) of Transcarpathian Ukraine, its cooperation with the left wing of the Slovak labor movement, and the role of these revolutionary organizations in the common struggle of the proletariat of Czechoslovakia for the creation of a new type of revolutionary party. The author shows that the working-class movement of these regions, up to the middle of 1919, was closely connected with the development of the struggle of the working class
ротьба за перемогу пролетарського iнтернацiналiзму в чехословацькому робiтничому русi (1918 - 1938 pp.). Киiв. 1974; "The Third Congress of the Comintern. Development of the political line of the communist movement by the Congress. Communists and Masses", Moscow, 1975; "Pfehled dejin KSC". Praha. 1976.
2 I. Krempa. З iсторii робiтничого i нацiонально-визвольного руху в Чехii i Словаччинi в 1917 - 1918 гг. Presov, 1956; J. Kgemra. K prosincove stavce roku 1920 a zalozeni KSC na Zakarpatske Ukrajine. Praha. 1958; ejusd. Na ceste k zalozeni Komunisticke strany Ceskoslovenska. Praha. 1971; ejusd. Na ceste k vzniku strany no-veho typu. "KSC - predvoj noveho zivota". Bratislava. 1971.
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It was greatly influenced by the widespread strengthening of the revolutionary movement after the victory of the Great October Revolution, and in particular in 1919. Hungarian and Slovak Soviet Republics. The book notes that after the defeat of Soviet power in Hungary and Slovakia, the workers ' movement of Transcarpathian Ukraine became an integral part of the proletarian movement of Czechoslovakia, and traces the main stages of its development. The workers ' organizations of Slovakia and Transcarpathia, the author writes, strongly advocated the establishment of fraternal ties with the Czech working class, for the unification of all proletarian national organizations in a single party, standing on the platform of the Comintern (pp. 80-87). The MSP, founded in Uzhgorod on March 21, 1920, from the very beginning adopted the principles of the Comintern. The paper shows in detail how Lenin's works and documents of the Third International were distributed in Transcarpathia, and emphasizes the importance of helping the Comintern and fraternal parties to supply the working people of Transcarpathia with Marxist political literature. The development of SMEs is studied in close connection with the situation and struggle of the region's workers for their rights, against national oppression and inequality, as well as improving living conditions, against the background of political events related to the incorporation of Transcarpathia into Czechoslovakia and the establishment of the military dictatorship of the Czech bourgeoisie there. The conclusion that the ideological, political and organizational activities of the SMP prepared the Transcarpathian detachment of the revolutionary movement for the upcoming unification into a single international Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (p.291) is convincingly confirmed by the materials of the book.
I. Krempa emphasizes that the revolutionary proletarian organizations of Slovakia and Transcarpathia were formed on the basis of overcoming national disunity and united in their ranks members of Slovak, Ukrainian, Hungarian and German trade union and party organizations, while in the Czech lands such disunity between Czech and German organizations was eliminated much later. The paper examines the influence of Leninist ideas on the process of maturation and consolidation of the revolutionary trend of all detachments of the Czechoslovak labor movement, highlights the most important frontiers of this process, its complexity and duration, reveals the enormous importance of the movement in defense of Soviet Russia in the revolutionary education of the Czechoslovak proletariat, and reveals the practical activities of proletarian organizations directed against the attempts of the Czechoslovak bourgeoisie to Poland in its war against the Soviet country. Of considerable interest is the analysis of the struggle of the revolutionary wing with centrism at the final stage of the formation of the Communist Party. I. Krempa convincingly proves that the centrists at this stage were the main obstacle to the creation of the Communist party. Describing the activities of the leader of the left wing of the Czechoslovak social Democracy, B. Schmeral, the author notes that despite his mistakes and mistakes on a number of issues, Schmeral was an outstanding figure of the Czechoslovak labor movement, whose role in the creation of the CPC is enormous. The book notes that Lenin and the Comintern, while criticizing Schmeral and the "Marxist Left" (the left wing of Social democracy) led by him on a number of issues, generally supported and approved the line of creating the CPC as a mass revolutionary workers ' party. The book ends with a story about the Founding Congress of the CHR in May 1921.
It seems to us that the author, while revealing some features of the formation of the revolutionary trend in Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine in comparison with the similar process in the Czech lands, pays insufficient attention to some essential points. Thus, the identification of trade union and party affiliation in the Slovak labor movement was not only positive for strengthening the influence of the revolutionary wing in the trade unions, but also had serious negative costs. In some cases, the author does not mention "leftism", which was manifested in some documents and speeches of representatives of SMEs and Slovak leftists. Questions related to the history of the incorporation of Transcarpathia into Czechoslovakia and the position of various groups of the bourgeoisie on this issue occupy a rather significant place in the book. Although the coverage of this problem is generally justified, however, sometimes when presenting these events, the author goes beyond the topic. In general, the book is essential for understanding the process of the emergence of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
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