Libmonster ID: RS-546

Author(s) of the publication: T. A. Klimova →

Educational Institution \ Organization: Nizhnevartovsk State University for the Humanities →

Source: Archeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 1,31 March 2012 Pages 88-96 →

The article is devoted to the archaeological study of the funeral costume of men of the upper reaches of the Psl (modern times). Kursk region). Based on the materials of the excavations of the Gochevsky kurgan necropolis (late X - early XII centuries), conducted in the early XX century, the main elements of men's costume are described, presumably the social status of the buried is determined, and the connection between the funeral and lifetime costumes of teenagers, middle-aged people and the elderly is traced. The study was conducted using the method of identifying burial zones, which allows us to make an assumption about the appearance and cut of the costume. Statistical tables of finds and graphic reconstructions of costumes are attached to the article.

Keywords: left bank of the Dnieper River, Northern Tribal Union( tribal union of Northerners), Roman archaeological culture, druzhinnaya culture, funeral costume, jewelry set, belt set, temporal ring, archaeological textiles.

The problems of studying Russian and Slavic costumes are becoming one of the leading ones in archeology today, but they still remain poorly understood. The costume of the Slavs of the Dnieper left bank in the area of the Romain culture of the IX-XI centuries is much less known than the costume of representatives of the multi-ethnic druzhin culture and residents of some northern settlements, which developed under the influence of the Baltic, Finnish and Scandinavian traditions. This is mainly due to the fact that in this territory, due to the peculiarities of the soil, organic matter is practically not preserved in the sediments. The custom of cremation, which was sporadically preserved here as early as the 11th and early 12th centuries, is also of great importance (Shpilev, 2005). From the costume complex that used to exist in these places, only metal, stone and glass objects (we are talking about beads) are usually preserved, and in some cases it is possible to imagine the features of clothing by their location. Minor fragments of textiles are also found in burials dating back to the period after the tenth century.

One of the largest archaeological sites on the left bank of the Dnieper River is the Gochevsky kurgan necropolis, where large-scale excavations were carried out at the beginning of the XX century. They began with research conducted in 1909 by D. Ya. Samokvasov. He also prepared for publication the results of the excavations [1915a, b]. In subsequent years, the monument was studied by P. S. Rykov [1912], V. S. Lvovich [1913], and V. N. Glazov [1913, 1915]. At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 500 mounds were explored. However, descriptions of excavations are not always accurate due to the lack of developed methods of archaeological research. The most complete reports indicating the position and gender of the buried, the location of objects in the burials, and the design features of the mounds were compiled by V. N. Glazov. However, he, as well as D. Ya. Samokvasov and V. S. Lvovich, often did not provide data on the age of the buried, they noted only clearly children's burials. In the report of V. S. Lvovich, there is no information about the field of the buried. United-

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The first person to describe in detail the sex and age of those buried was P. S. Rykov. In general, during this period, material was accumulated that allows us to present in general terms the funeral costume of the population of the upper reaches of the Psl in the late X-early XII centuries, to characterize the main elements of men's costume, to determine the social status of the buried, and also to reveal the connection of funeral clothing with the lifetime costume. Male burials are minimally relevant, so it is not always possible to specify their exact date, so these graves are considered as a whole, with an indication of the time of burial (if known).

1) [Stepanova, 2009], which makes it possible to determine the location of each object relative to the body of the buried person, to fix various parts of clothing, and to make assumptions about their appearance and cut. In addition, there were analogies with the archaic forms of East Slavic costume known from ethnographic data.

As a result of studying the materials of excavations in the complex of male burials, burials were identified, the location of the accompanying inventory in which allows us to judge its belonging to the funeral suit. They also include children's graves with inventory indicating the sex of the buried person.

83 burials were identified: 70 (84.35 %) adults, 9 (10.85 %) children, 4 (4.8 %) elderly people. In the absence of accurate information about the sex of the buried person in the reports, the determination is based on data on the length of the skeleton (more than 2 arshins 6 vershkov = 168-169 cm) and on the results of analysis of the burial inventory. According to the materials of D. Ya. Samokvasov's excavations: among 36 male burials, 28 burials of adult men were identified (kurg. I-V (border 1), VII (border 1), IX, X, XII, XIII, XIV, XVI, XIX, XX, XXII-XXXVI) and 2-children's (mounds XCIX and CXXVII). Based on the excavations of P. S. Rykov: among 115 burials (109 mounds)* - 19 graves of adult men (mound 1 (pogr. 1), 3, 10, 20, 21, 22, 37, 40, 42, 51, 55, 56, 69, 77, 86, 88, 95, 99, 102), 4 - seniors and seniors (mound 13, 33, 82, 87) and 2 - children's (mound 1 (border)). 2) and 64). According to the materials of the excavations of V. S. Lvovich: among 35 burials-7 burials of adult men (mound. 2, 5, 7, 8, 14, 19, 27) and 4-teenagers (the length of the backbone is not more than 2 arshins 3 vershkov = 155 cm; mound. 9, 10, 15, 25). According to the materials of V. N. Glazov's excavations in 1913: among 105 burials-10 burials of adult men (mound. 2, 10, 16, 18, 28, 30, 75, 81, 99, 102) and children's (mound 11). According to the materials of V. N. Glazov's excavations in 1915: among the 102 burials in 101 mounds, there are 6 male burials (kurg. 4, 11, 12, 22, 30, 83).

Fig. 1. Zones of inventory location in the burial (according to [Stepanova, 2009]). 1 - head area; 2 - neck and shoulders; 3-chest; 4, 5 - waist; 6-forearms and hands; 7-hands; 8-thighs; 9-shins; 10-feet; 11-16 - equipment not related to the suit.

The burials include: knives (79 units), axes (18 units), jewelry (25 units), sabers (3 units), spears and sulits (5 units), belt rings (6 units) and other items (2 units). A certain pattern is observed in the location of knives: most often they are located to the right of the backbone in the pelvis or hip area (tab. 1; fig. 2) (39 burials, in one-two knives on both sides of the skeleton**, much less often - to the left of the skeleton (Fig. 3) (15 burials), on the pelvic bones (10 burials), clutched in the hand (8 burials), occasionally between the hip bones (2 burials), on the chest (3 burials) and near the shin (2 burials, in one-two knives on both sides of the shin).

The location of the knife on the bone in the pelvis or upper thigh usually indicates the presence of-

* Here and later, when describing the excavations of V. S. Lvovich and N. S. Glazov, the total number of burials - male, female, child and indeterminate-is indicated.

* Reports about the position of the knife usually indicate :" at the hand", so it is possible that some of the finds that we consider to be located in the pelvic area were originally in the hand of the buried person, but the proportion of burials with such finds is small.

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Table 1. Location of knives on the Gochevsky kurgan necropolis

Kurgan

To the right of the buried person

To the left of the buried person

On the pelvic bones and on the spine in the pelvic area

Between the hip bones

On the chest bones

Trapped in the bones of the arm

At the shin

III

XII

XIII

XIV

XVI

XIX

XXIII

XXV

XXVI

XXVII

XXVIII

XXIX

XXX

XXXI

XXXII

XXXIII

XXXV

XXXVI

XCIX (child)

CXXVII (child)

P 1, (border 2, child)

P 3

P 10

R 13 (old man)

P 33

+ (left)

P 20

P 21

+ (left)

P 22

P 40

P 42

P 51

+ (on the right)

P 55

P 56

P 64 (child)

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End of Table 1

P 69

P 77

R 82 (old man)

P 86

P 87 (old man)

P 88

P 95

+ (on the right)

P 99

P 102

L 2

L 3

L 5

L 7

L 8

L 9 (teenager)

L 10 (teenager)

L 14

L 15 (teenager)

L 19

L 25

Y 1913.2

Y 1913.10

R 1913,11 (child)

R 1913.16

R 1913.18

R 1913.28

G 1913.75

Y 1913.81

G 1913.99

R 1913,102

R 1915.11

Y 1915.12

Y 1915.22

Y 1915.83

Total, units.

Notes. Here and further Roman numerals indicate the mounds excavated by D. Ya. Samokvasov, the letter R - P. S. Rykov, L - V. S. Lvovich, G 1913-V. N. Glazov in 1913, G 1915-V. N. Glazov in 1915. Arabic numerals correspond to the numbers of the mound (except for the mounds excavated by D. Ya. Samokvasov).

Chii was wearing a buried belt costume with a knife hanging from it. Perhaps the belt was on the clothes of the person buried in Kurgan IV (excavations by D. Ya. Samokvasov): "on the pelvic bones "a" stump of silver " was found, which the owner probably carried in a leather or cloth purse suspended from his belt (Figure 4).

Decorations are relatively rare in the male burials of the Gochevsky kurgan burial ground (Fig. 5).

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2. Graphic reconstruction of the costume, mound 4, excavations of V. N. Glazov, 1915. 1-knife; 2-belt ring-buckle, bronze.

Fig. 3. Burial scheme (according to: [Samokvasov, 1915b, p. 9, fig. 3]) (a); inventory (drawings according to: [Samokvasov, 1915a, Table IX]) (b); reconstruction of the funeral costume (c), mound I, excavations by D. Ya. Samokvasov. 1-earring; 2, 3-rings; 4-knife; 5-sulitsa; 6-saber. 1-3 - silver; 4, 5-iron; 6-iron, bronze.

4. Reconstruction of the funeral costume (a); inventory (scale not specified, drawings based on: [Samokvasov, 1915b, Table X]) (b), Mound IV, excavations by D. Ya. Samokvasov. 1-plate ring; 2-wire ring; 3-chopped piece of silver; 4-axe. 1-3 - silver; 4-iron.

Fig. 5. Burial inventory, excavations by D. Ya. Samokvasov (scale not specified; drawings based on: [Samokvasov, 1915a]). 1-4 - rings; 5-7-ring-shaped earrings; 8-dart bracelet; 9-spearhead; 10-knife with remnants of the handle. 1-kurg.III; 2, 5 - kurg. IX; 3-mound XXII; 4, 10-mound XXX; 6, 9-mound XIII, 7-mound XXIV; 8-mound V. 1-8-silver; 9, 10-iron.

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25 such items were recorded (Table 2). The most widespread are rings: 14 items were found in 12 burials, including 7 non-closed wire ones, 2 "mustachioed" ones, 2 twisted ones made of several wires, a plate one with non-closed ends and a cast smooth one. Rings of all types belong to a fairly wide time range, but the largest number of them dates back to the XI century. [Saracheva, 1994].

There are relatively numerous ornaments (8 units in seven mounds), which are usually interpreted by researchers as temporal and" ear " rings, ring-shaped wire ornaments with ends extending beyond each other (type 1 according to V. P. Levasheva [1967a]) (Fig. 5, 5-7). Of this group, only one find (from mound 4, excavated by V. N. Glazov in 1915) can be attributed as a temporal ring (found on the right temporal bone), which was probably worn woven into the hair (Fig. 6, 1). This is a unique find, its analogues are unknown to us. Two other items (from the border of 1 mound VII, excavations by D. Ya. Samokvasov) are controversial: two rings were located "near the skull", but the exact location of the excavations is not specified by the author, so they can be considered both as jewelry and as" milodars " to the deceased. Other similar items should be attributed to the earrings that were most often worn in the right ear (see Fig. 3, 1).

Two burials contain decorations that are not typical for male burials of the Gochevsky kurgan complex. In border 1 of Mound V (excavations by D. Ya. Samokvasov), a dart bracelet with loose ends was found on the bones of the right hand (section 1 type 4 according to V. P. Levasheva, existed in the XI-XII centuries [1967b]) (see Figs. 5, 8). In border 1 of mound 1 of P. S. Rykov's excavations, an object resembling a bracelet made of a Radimichi-type hryvnia fragment was found on the right clavicle of the buried man (Rykov, 1912). Given the location, the item was most likely a funerary gift to the deceased. Conventionally, the decorations include a round wooden object with two rows of bronze pegs, found near the bones of the right shoulder buried in mound 56 (excavations by P. S. Rykov).

Table 2. Decoration of a belt set on the Gochevsky kurgan necropolis

Kurgan

Earring/ Temporal ring

The ring

A bracelet

Belt Ring

Other

III

VII a

XIII

XXII

XXIV

XXIX

XXX

P 1, border 1

P 1, border 2 (child)

P 37

P 42

P56

L 7

L 19

L 27

G 1913, 10

G 1913, 30

G 1915, 4

+ +

G 1915, 30

+ +

Total, units.

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6. Graphic reconstruction of the costume, mound 42, excavations of P. S. Rykov. 1-temporal ring, silver; 2-iron belt ring; 3-bronze belt ring.

In four mounds there were rings that can be considered elements of clothing. In mound 42 (excavations by P. S. Rykov), a small bronze ring with a fragment of skin was found on the pelvic bones, which probably served as a belt buckle (see Figs. 2, 2). More interesting are the finds that are similar in size and location in burials. For example, in mound 27 (excavations of V. S. Lvovich), there was a small solid iron ring on the shin. Similar rings were found near the bones of the right feet of skeletons in the pogr. 4 and 30 excavated by V. N. Glazov in 1915. In the same two graves, bronze rings were found that completely coincide in size with iron ones: in mound 4 they are fixed next to the left hand, in mound 30 - next to the bones of the left foot. Given the location of the finds, it can be assumed that they were used as rings for belts that held soft boots or windings on the foot, worn with low shoes such as shoes (see Figs. 6, 3). The bronze ring in mound 4 was found near the left hand, and this, at first glance, does not agree with its interpretation. However, the identity of this find to the ring from mound 30, which was also located on the left side of the skeleton, suggests that the ring from mound 4 was most likely used to fasten shoe belts. The existence of high shoes or shoes with windings can also be indicated by other objects recorded at the bones of the lower leg of the buried person. So, in mounds 13 and 82 (excavations by P. S. Rykov) there were knives next to the shinbone, and in the first one there were two knives on both sides of the tibia, and in mound 22 (the same excavations) there was a long thin object along the shinbone. Probably, knives were shoved into the top of the boot or into the outer layer of windings.

Most of the weapons are axes. Given their location in burials (near the leg bones or near the hand), axes cannot be directly associated with the funeral costume complex, but they are status items and indirectly characterize the owner's social status in life. All axes date from the end of the X-XI century. [Baryshev, 2009].

Much rarer than axes, other weapons are found in burials. Bladed weapons found in three mounds: in the mound. I and II (excavations of D. Ya. Samokvasov) - single-edged blades (saber and broadsword; see Figs. 3, 6), in mound 40 (excavations of P. S. Rykov) - a saber (according to other sources, a sword [Ibid.]). The blades were located parallel to the skeleton to the right of the buried person, in this case they were more of a status item and were not part of the funeral costume complex. All the blades belong to the first half of the XI century. [Ibid.].

In the category of status items that did not belong to the actual funeral costume complex, you can include spearheads from mounds XIII (excavations of D. Ya. Samokvasov) and 40 (excavations of P. S. Rykov), as well as sulits from mounds I, V (border 1) and XIV (excavations of D. Ya. Samokvasov) (spearheads they date from the beginning of the XI century. [Kirpichnikov, 1966]) (see Fig. 2, 5; 5, 9).

In the mound. XXX on the bones of the left shoulder there were remnants of tissue ("stuck" to the handle of the knife). Unfortunately, D. Ya. Samokvasov did not indicate whether this material was linen or wool. Given the location of the find, it can be assumed that these are the remains of either a shirt or a suite-type outer garment.

None of the burials recorded fibulae, quite common for men's costume in other territories of Ancient Russia. Not a single button or substitute item was found either.

Despite the limited information available, the following conclusions can be drawn about the clothing of the buried (see Figures 2-6). Most likely, it was a traditional costume for Slavic peoples, consisting of a tunic-shaped shirt and trousers, as well as relatively high leather shoes (the presence of the latter is indicated by rings for shoe belts, as well as the location of knives next to the shin of the buried person). The deceased probably wore windings (onuchi) or high soft boots. Given the lack of buttons

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Table 3. Accompanying inventory in the burials of representatives of different age groups at the Gochevsky kurgan necropolis

Inventory

Adults

Children

Old people

Just the knife

Jewelry only

Belt headset only

Knife + axe

Knife + decoration

Knife + belt set

Knife + saber

Knife + Spear

Knife + undefined item

Axe + decoration

Axe + belt headset

Knife + axe + decoration

Knife + spear + Saber

Knife + Spear + Jewelry

Saber + knife + spear + decoration

Knife + spear + Axe + decoration

(perhaps they were made of wood, so they were not preserved), it can be assumed that the shoulder clothing was overhead, not swing, and had fabric ties. The absence of fibulae does not mean that there is no upper cloak-like clothing: the raincoat floors could be fastened with fabric ties.

In the burials under consideration, belt buckles are almost not represented (the exception is a bronze ring found in 1915 during the excavations of mound 4). The belt set is not recorded, judging by the inventory, even in rich burials in which the deceased were buried in festive costumes (mounds I, II and V (excavations by D. Ya. Samokvasov40 (excavations of P. S. Rykov). It is impossible to talk about the complete absence of a belt, since there are knives among the finds. In addition, the apotropaic significance of the belt remained in all East Slavic peoples until the beginning of the XX century. The belt was an attribute of both lifetime and funerary costumes (Maslova, 1984). In the absence of belt buckles, it is logical to assume that the clothes of the deceased were belted with woven belts or sashes, known from archaeological and ethnographic materials. According to ethnographic data, it was woven belts that were most often used in wedding costumes [Ibid.]. The absence of belt buckles in rich and especially military graves can be explained by the fact that the deceased were buried in a lifetime wedding, and not specially made for burial costume. According to ethnographic data, this practice was quite widespread. Ethnographers often note the custom of burying in a wedding suit not only adults, but also teenagers, as well as young unmarried guys [Ibid.]. The absence of belt sets in the burials of children and adolescents can be explained by the fact that these age groups did not have the right to "adult" belts.

It should be noted that according to the materials of the mounds, there are no differences between the burials of young and middle-aged men, on the one hand, and old men, on the other. With certain reservations, this can also be said about the set of equipment in the burials of children and adolescents. Most mounds present only knives or a knife in combination with an axe (Table 3).

These data allow us to make an assumption about the social status of the buried. Among those buried in the necropolis were soldiers (among the finds were sabers-broadswords, axes-hammers, spear tips), but they did not belong to the privileged druzhin class of Kievan Rus: such status items as belt sets or buttons of Oriental kaftans were not found in the mounds [Murasheva, 1993]. Apparently, these people were not natives of Kiev, but represented the social elite of the local, Northern population. Given the almost complete lack of inventory, we can conclude that the bulk of those buried were ordinary citizens.

Thus, on the Gochevsky kurgan necropolis, people were buried in the traditional male East Slavic costume, not in a specially made one, but in a festive (wedding) one. The costume included a shirt, ports, leather shoes (shoes and soft high boots) and a woven (in some cases leather) belt, to which a knife and, possibly, a purse were suspended. Traces of cloak-like clothing (fibulae) it was not revealed, but it is impossible to speak confidently about its absence, since such clothes could be fastened with unprotected fabric ties. Sometimes the costume was supplemented with jewelry-rings, ring-shaped earrings, and in some cases-a bracelet or a temporal ring woven into the hair. The presence of items of military equipment in the mounds indicates a high social level.

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the status of some of those buried, but the absence of military belt sets, indicates that these people were not representatives of the druzhin class of Kievan Rus.

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Kursk State Regional Museum of Archeology, who assisted in the search for materials. Special thanks to the director of the museum G. Y. Starodubtsev, chief curator A. V. Zorin, scientific secretary A. G. Shpilev and librarian O. I. Semenikhina.

List of literature

Baryshev G. V. Nakhodki podobov oboruzheniya i zashchitnogo oborudovaniya na territorii Gochevskogo arkheologicheskogo kompleksa [Finds of weapons and protective equipment on the territory of the Gochevsky archaeological complex]. Kursk: Kursk State Region Museum of Archeology, 2009, pp. 264-282.

Glazov V. N. Otchet o raskopkakh Gochevskogo mogilnika v 1913 g. [Report on the excavations of the Gochevsky burial ground in 1913].

Glazov V. N. Otchet o raskopkakh Gochevskogo mogilnika v 1915 g. [Report on the excavations of the Gochevsky burial ground in 1915]. Archiv IIMK RAS. F. 1. Op. 1. 1915. D. N 93.

Kirpichnikov A. N. Drevnerusskoe oboruzhenie [Ancient Russian weapons], Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1966. 2: Spears, sulits, battle axes, maces, brushes. - 181 p. - (SAI; issue E1-36).

Levasheva V. P. Visochnye koltso [Temporal rings] / / Essays on the history of the Russian village of the X-XIII centuries. Russia, 1967a. - pp. 7-54. - (Tr. GIM; issue 43).

Levasheva V. P. Bangles // Essays on the history of the Russian village of the X-XIII centuries. Russia, 1967b. - pp. 207-252. - (Tr. GIM; issue 43).

Lvovich V. S. Dnevnik raskopok Gochevskogo mogilnika v 1913 g. [Diary of excavations of the Gochevsky burial ground in 1913].

Maslova G. S. Narodnaya odezha v vostochno-slavyanskikh traditsionnykh uslovayakh i obryadakh [Folk clothing in East Slavic traditional customs and rituals]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1984, 216 p.

Murasheva V. V. Semiotic status of the belt in medieval Russia / / Medieval antiquities of Eastern Europe. GIM Center, 1993. - pp. 22-38. - (Tr. GIM; issue 82).

Rykov P.S. Diary of excavations of a burial mound near the Settlement of S. Gocheva, Oboyansk district. Kursk province / / Archive of the IIMC RAS. f. 1. d. 386/1912.

Samokvasov D. Ya. Atlas of Gochevsky antiquities, Moscow: [Synod. tip.], 1915a, 58 p.

Samokvasov D. Ya. Diary of excavations in the vicinity of the village of Gocheva, Oboyansky uyezd, Kursk province, made in August 1909-Moscow: [Synod. tip.], 1915b. - 48 p.

Saracheva T. G. Metallicheskie perstni Dneprovskogo Levoberezhya (kontsets IX - pervaya polovina XIII v.) [Metal rings of the Dnieper Left Bank (late IX-first half of the XIII century)]. Istoriya i evolyutsiya drevnykh chesh [History and Evolution of ancient Things], Moscow: Publishing House of the Moscow State University, 1994, pp. 85-94.

Stepanova Yu. V. Ancient Russian funeral costume of the Upper Volga region. Tver: Tver State University, 2009, 364 p.

Shpilev A. G. O konstruktsii pogrebal'nykh pyrov u naseleniya yugo-zapadnykh rayonov Kurskogo kraya v kontsey X-XI V. (po materialam Gochevskogo kurgannogo mogilnik) [On the construction of funeral pyres in the population of the South-western districts of the Kursk Region in the late X-XI centuries (based on the materials of the Gochevsky kurgan burial ground)]. Kursk: Kursk State Region Museum of Archeology, 2005, pp. 90-93.

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 30.05.10.

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