Libmonster ID: RS-615
Author(s) of the publication: G. L. ARSH

The revolutionary storm that swept over Spain and Italy in 1820 was approaching Greece. Alexander Ypsilanti, general of the Russian army and head of the secret Greek society, in February 1821 raised an uprising that led to the liberation of Greece from the four-century Ottoman yoke. His brothers Dmitry, George and Nikolai, also officers of the Russian army, took an active part in the struggle for the national liberation of Greece. The stay of this Greek family in Russia is one of the most significant, but little-studied pages in the history of versatile Russian-Greek relations in the first half of the XIX century. 1

The appearance of the Ypsilanti family in Russia was connected with the vicissitudes of the political career of its head, phanariot Konstantin Ypsilanti. The Greek monetary and commercial aristocracy of Phanar (a quarter of Constantinople) gained great political influence in the Ottoman Empire from the end of the 17th century. Several Phanariot families were granted preferential rights to hold important government positions - the dragoman of the Porte and the gospodars of the Danubian principalities. This privileged circle also included the Ypsilanti family. Constantin Ypsilanti served as dragoman of the Porte (1796-1799) and gospodar of Moldavia (1799-1801), Wallachia (1802-1806). The Phanariote Gospodars used their short rule to enrich themselves as soon as possible through feudal exploitation of the population of the principalities. The lords of Ypsilanti, not being an exception in this respect, acquired estates in the Danubian principalities, which brought them considerable income.

K. Ypsilanti was distinguished from most of his colleagues by the breadth and variety of his intellectual interests. He was considered the most learned man in Phanar. His scholarship was a rare fusion of European education with a deep knowledge of the culture of the Muslim East. Proficient in ancient Greek, Latin, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, French, Italian and German, he translated into French and Italian the ancient Greek poets Anacreon, Pindar and Hesiod, into Turkish - works on military engineering and economic issues of S. Vauban and other European scientists, his deep knowledge of the Koran and commentaries to it by Arab authors it amazed Muslim theologians 2 . The Greek nobility of Phanar, closely fused with the ruling elite of the Ottoman Empire, was one of the pillars of the conquerors ' rule over the Balkan peoples. At the same time, at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, in the context of the acute internal crisis of the Ottoman state and the growing foreign influence on its policy, groups appeared among the Phanariots who were oriented towards one or another of the great powers. The Ypsilanti family belonged to the pro-Russian group. K. Ypsilanti, being a dragoman of the Port, was also a friend of the Russian envoys V. P. Kochubey and V. S. Tomara. Contemporaries considered K. Ypsilanti to be one of the main "architects".-

1 There are only biographical sketches of individual members of the Ypsilanti family. About Alexander, George and Nicholas Ypsilanti see: Collection of biographies of cavalry guards. Book 3. St. Petersburg, 1906, pp. 194-201, 282-283. But the information provided in the collection is too brief and not entirely accurate. In the Greek biographies of A. Ypsilanti, the period of his stay in Russia is almost not covered (Gatopoulou D. Aleksandros Ipsilantis. Athina. S.a.; Kalantzis K. Aleksandros Ipsilantis. Athina. 1941). Little has been written about K. Ypsilanti, who plays a significant role in the patriotic formation of the views of his sons.

2 Soutzo A. Histoire de la Revolution Grecque. P. 1829, pp. 26 - 29.

page 88

moat " of the Russo-Turkish treaty of 1799, which for the first time united the two empires in an alliance. And during his reign in the Danubian principalities, he rendered important services to the Russian government. In particular, through the mediation of the Wallachian Gospodar, Russia maintained secret contacts with rebellious Serbia in 1804-1806 .3
In turn, the St. Petersburg cabinet patronized the Phanariote politician. In August 1806, the Porte, at the instigation of the French ambassador O. Sebastiani, deposed K. Ypsilanti and the Moldavian Gospodar A. Moruzi, which was a violation of the Russian-Turkish agreement of 1802, which established a seven-year term of government for the gospodars of the Danubian principalities. Russian diplomacy demanded their restoration. K. Ypsilanti, having learned that the Port wanted to deal with him and his family, asked for asylum in Russia. In November 1806, the disgraced gospodar arrived in St. Petersburg. Having received the recommendation of Alexander I to return to the Danubian principalities, where by that time Russian troops had entered, K. Ypsilanti soon left the capital of Russia. But his eldest son, who came with him to continue his education, stayed here. So 14-year-old Alexander Ypsilanti, who was born on the Bosphorus, ended up on the banks of the Neva.

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, traditional Russian-Greek ties acquired a special scope and breadth, which was primarily caused by the growth of the liberation aspirations of the Greek people and the activation of the Balkan policy of the Russian government. In the frequent Russo-Turkish wars of that era, the Greeks were invariably Russia's allies. The active participation of Greek merchants and sailors in the Russian Black Sea trade gave a great impetus to the development of Greek shipping, which was based on the islands of the Archipelago. On the eve of the Revolution of 1821, almost the entire Greek fleet sailed under the protection of the Russian flag, which became possible as a result of the official policy of "patronage" of the Orthodox population of the Balkans, carried out by the Russian government. Russian-Greek cultural ties have also become more active, and interest in the culture of ancient and modern Greece has increased in Russia. Since the last quarter of the 18th century, the scale of Greek emigration to Russia has increased significantly. The Russian authorities, interested in the rapid development of the then rich but sparsely populated regions of Novorossiya, where the main stream of migrants was heading, encouraged Greek emigration. The tsarist government paid special attention to emigrants who belonged to the upper strata of Greek society. In those years, many Greeks came to Russia for temporary and permanent residence, and all of them, as a rule, were well received.

The Russian government paid special attention to the son of a friendly hospodar. On November 24 (December 6), 1806, the Minister of Foreign Affairs A. Y. Budberg addressed a letter about the young Greek to the trustee of the St. Petersburg School District N. N. Novosiltsev: "It pleased the Emperor to approve the expressed wish of Prince Ypsilantiy, the Volozha ruler: to complete the education of his son, to leave him here in St. Petersburg and to place him in a Pedagogical school. In order to express his special favor to the said gospodar, His Majesty deigns that his son, in accordance with your chief superintendence over the school where he will be staying, should be received by Your Excellency under special supervision and care, both in the matter of his actual upbringing and in relation to his maintenance, in a word, everything that can be done for him. need to be. For all expenses necessary for these various subjects, E. I. V. has deigned to assign 12,000 rubles a year, which will be delivered to your disposal from the Minister of Finance for each year in advance." For the young Prince's residence4 Ypsilanti was "hired a special quarter", and "for the first domestic acquisition of it" an additional "special amount"was allocated 5 .

The new political reality created after the Peace of Tilsit (1807)

3 Semenova L. G. Konstantin Ypsilanti and the First Serbian Uprising (1804-August 1807), In: Balkan Studies. Vol. 9. Issues of social, political and cultural history of South-Eastern Europe. M. 1984.

4 The title of prince was held by the lords of the Danubian principalities and their families.

5 Arsh G. L. Materialy k istorii russko-grecheskikh svyazi nachala XIX v [Materials on the history of Russian-Greek relations at the beginning of the 19th century]. - In: Balkan Studies. Issue 8. Balkan Peoples and European Governments in the 18th-early 20th centuries, Moscow, 1982, p. 56.

page 89

The Armistice of Slobodzeya, which followed in the course of the War of 1806-1812 between Russia and Turkey, forced K. Ypsilanti to leave the Danubian principalities forever in August 1807. Together with him, his wife Elizabeth, daughters Elena, Ekaterina and Maria, and sons Dmitry, George, Nikolai and Grigory arrived in Russia. They were accompanied by relatives, friends and servants (about 30 people). K. Ypsilanti was followed to Russia by five families, mainly Greek Constantinople, who held prominent positions in Wallachia during Ypsilanti's rule. E. Ypsilanti settled in Kiev, where the Phanariot politician found a safe haven. He was no longer in danger of execution or exile, the usual fate of disgraced dignitaries in the Sultan's empire. In Russia, the former Wallachian gospodar was awarded a pension of 20 thousand rubles a year, on which he had to support his family and, to a large extent, the Wallachian "court in exile". In retaliation for the flight of K. Ypsilanti to Russia, the Porte executed his 80-year-old father in 1807 and confiscated the property of the Ypsilanti family in Constantinople. Due to the war, the income that brought her estates in Moldavia and Wallachia significantly decreased.

After Tilsit, Alexander I somewhat cooled to the former ruler. On September 25 (October 7), 1807, M. I. Kutuzov, then the military governor of Kiev, was given an order "that he, Prince Ypsilanti, if he wished to go to St. Petersburg or somewhere else, should be rejected under a plausible pretext until permission was obtained from his imperial Majesty." 6 In the spring of 1808, Alexander I, suspecting the Phanariot politician of some intrigues in the Danubian principalities, decided to settle him and his family in Moscow, which did not arouse the latter's enthusiasm. "I could tell from his conversations," the Kiev civil governor P. P. Pankratiev reported, " that he likes to live in the country or in a small town more than in the capital cities, and he already asked me to advise him to buy villages in a good place, not exceeding 2,000 souls, which he explained were necessary for him as for the economy and in order that he, as a hunter, may amuse himself with the game of the beast. " 7 But the letters of the Minister of Foreign Affairs N. P. Rumyantsev about moving became more and more insistent, and K. Ypsilanti, realizing that it was a question of the tsar's order, was forced to obey. On September 23 (October 5), 1808, the former gospodar arrived in Moscow8, where he spent about a year. However, he stubbornly avoided transporting his family to Moscow. In the end, the authorities were forced to accept this. K. Ypsilanti again lived quietly in Kiev and was engaged in family affairs. His main concern was the upbringing and placement of his five sons in the service.

The eldest son, Alexander, was in St. Petersburg from November 1806 and studied at the Pedagogical Institute. His stay in this educational institution - the predecessor of the one founded in 1819. St. Petersburg University - lasted a little over a year. After the arrival of his family in Kiev, Alexander visited his relatives. Returning to St. Petersburg in March 1808, he brought K. Ypsilanti's petition to Alexander I to accept his sons for Russian military service. In accordance with this request, A. Ypsilanti was enlisted in the Cavalry Guard Regiment with the rank of cornet on April 12 (24), 1808. The king promised to do the same for his brothers "as they come of age and will be presented to me after their education is completed." 9 Among the regiments of the Imperial Guard, the Cavalry Guard was considered the most aristocratic. Until 1800, only nobles could serve as privates in it. Among the surnames of the cavalry guards there are Gagarins, Golitsyns, Vyazemskys, Repnins, Lopukhins, Sheremetevs and other representatives of the noble nobility. The regiment especially cultivated monarchical feelings, personal loyalty to the tsar and members of the imperial family, which, however, did not prevent M. F. Orlov, M. S., Lunin, S. G. Volkonsky and some other former cavalry guards from becoming active participants in the Decembrist movement. In the traditions of the regiment, there was a high concept of military duty, bravery and selflessness in its service-

6 Archive of Foreign Policy of Russia (AVPR), F. Chancellery, 1808, 5161, l. 4.

7 Ibid., l. 6.

8 TsGIA Moscow, f. 16, op. 3, 2645. l. 6.

9 AVPR, f. Chancellery, 1808, d. 5170, l. 2.

page 90

completion date. The young Greek aristocrat A. Ypsilanti, according to the memoirs of his contemporaries , was a man of a cheerful, sociable disposition, quickly got used to the Russian military environment, and found friends here.

Alexander Ypsilanti's upbringing was closely followed by his father. In March 1808, he wrote to a friend that his son, " along with great mental abilities and a fine heart, is endowed with a tendency to independence and vivacity that can lead him astray if you do not hold it firmly in your hands. I am sending with him one of my relatives, a man of intelligence and prudence ,to put his house in order. " 10 At the end of 1811, K. Ypsilanti, noticing that it was difficult for his son to perform military service for health reasons, petitioned the tsar to accept him as one of his adjutants .11 A few years later, Alexander Ypsilanti did become the tsar's aide-de-camp, but before that, he faced severe military trials. Shortly after the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, K. Ypsilanti wrote to his relative about Alexander: "He has courage and is eager to show it, and I am convinced that if he has an opportunity to do so, he will not miss it" 12 .

These words were justified. From July 1812, Lieutenant A. Ypsilanti and his squadron participated in the battles as part of P. H. Wittgenstein's corps. "During the war with Napoleon, Ypsilanti participated in many battles, and showed great courage, sometimes amounting to recklessness." For the first battle of Polotsk (August 6 (18), 1812), where Ypsilanti was in the "convoy" at Wittgenstein, and participated "in repulsing our guns from the enemy's hands", he received the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree, and for the second (October 6 (18), 1812). - a golden saber with the inscription "For bravery" 13 . In the campaign of 1813, he participated in the Battle of Bautzen, for which he received the Order of St. John the Baptist. Annas of the 2nd degree. Production in the next ranks for a brave officer has significantly accelerated. In July 1813, already a lieutenant colonel, he was transferred to the Grodno Hussar Regiment. In its composition, A. Ypsilanti participated in the Battle of Dresden (August 14-15 (26-27), 1813), where his right arm was torn off by a ball. After his treatment in Kiev, A. Ypsilanti continued it in the spring of 1814 at the Czech resort of Teplitz (modern times). Greenhouse), famous for its mineral waters. Then he visited Germany, Vienna, where he witnessed the famous diplomatic congress.

The wound made A. Ypsilanti incapable of active military service. Despite the pain that his wound caused him, he maintained a cheerful state of mind. His youth, sociable disposition, romantic appearance, and honorable wound aroused universal interest and sympathy for him. On January 1 (13), 1816, Colonel A. Ypsilanti was granted a " wing-adjutant, i.e. personal adjutant of the Emperor." His son's military achievements and the access he now had to the tsar's person had a positive effect on his father's position. On the next appeal to Alexander I to allow him to come to St. Petersburg to determine his sons for military service 15 (previous appeals were ignored), K. Ypsilanti received a positive answer. "The circumstances," said the reply, " which led me to believe that your presence here would not be pleasant to you, have changed. Nothing now prevents you from going to St. Petersburg or any other place that you want to choose for your stay." The tsar promised to receive the former ruler at the end of 1814, after his return from Vienna .

In late 1814 (or early 1815), K. Ypsilanti arrived in the capital with his sons Nikolai and George. Since the return of Alexander I to Russia from-

10 Panaitescu P. Corespondent lui Constantin Ypsilanti cu guvernul rusesc 1806 - 1810. Bucuresti. 1933 p. 87.

11 AVPR, f. Chancellery, 1811, d. 5236, l. 4.

12 Institute of Russian Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Department of Manuscripts, f. 288, op. 2, 62, l. 1.

13 Collection of biographies of cavalry guards. Book 3, p. 194.

14 Ibid., p. 195.

15 AVPR, F. Main archive, II-5, 1812, d. 5, l. 18.

16 Ibid., l. 19.

page 91

It was planned, and after Napoleon's flight from the Elbe, the Russian army was preparing for a new campaign, K. Ypsilanti "considered it his duty, as well as a matter of honor for my sons" to seek their early admission to military service. In a letter dated April 1 (13), 1815, he asked Alexander I to enlist Dmitry, George and Nicholas in the Imperial Guard. The request was granted on June 17. On June 4 (16), 1819, "Prince George Konstantinov's son Ypsilantiy" (born 1795) and his brother Nikolai, who was born a year later, were enlisted as cornets in the Cavalry Guard Regiment. The young princes of Ypsilanti, like many Russian noble children, received only a home education, although it was quite versatile. In their form lists in the column about education it was written: "In Russian, in French, in Greek to read and write, arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, part of algebra, history and geography knows" 18 . By tradition, officers who shared the same surname received an ordinal number. George Ypsilanti was listed in the regimental lists as "Ypsilanti 1st", and his brother was listed as "Ypsilanti 2nd".

After the return of Alexander I to Russia, K. Ypsilanti managed to achieve a positive solution to his other problems. Based on the fact that K. Ypsilanti, when he was the ruler of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1807, provided significant assistance for the maintenance of Russian troops from personal funds, the tsar replaced his annual pension with an annual income of 10 thousand rubles in silver. Given that one ruble in silver was then exchanged for four rubles in bank notes, this meant doubling the amount of money the Ypsilanti family received from the Russian government. In addition, the new Russian envoy to the Port, G. A. Stroganov, appointed in the summer of 1816, was instructed to support K. Ypsilanti's demand for the return of property confiscated from him and his father in Constantinople, or to provide compensation for it .19 K. Ypsilanti's petitions in favor of those who came to Russia with him were also successful. All of them received ranks and positions in the civil service. K. Ypsilanti's son - in-law, K. A. Katakazi, became the civil governor of Bessarabia, and his other son-in-law, A. F. Negri, was employed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and sent as an extraordinary envoy to Bukhara. G. A. Katakazi and I. E. Persiani also became Foreign Ministry officials .20
To. Ypsilanti was engaged in the capital of Russia not only in the arrangement of personal affairs. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the development of a further foreign policy course was carried out in St. Petersburg, in particular with regard to the Ottoman Empire. Materials and instructions were prepared for G. A. Stroganov. It was decided to use the political experience of the former statesman of the Ottoman Empire K. Ypsilanti. In the spring of 1816, he presented Alexander I with two notes: "Review of the current state of the Ottoman Empire" and "On Russia's Relations with the Ottoman Empire"21 . Of particular interest is the first note, which testifies to the worldview of K. Ypsilanti. In the first period after the fall from grace, he did not yet become a principled opponent of the Ottoman Empire. Attributing the incident to the machinations of his enemies among the Phanariots and Turkish dignitaries, K. Ypsilanti did not lose hope of once again occupying the throne of the gospodar in Iasi or Bucharest. But the years passed... From a Phanariot politician, a staunch Greek patriot was formed. An important role in this was played by the social environment in which K. Ypsilanti found himself in Russia , an environment where Philhellenic sentiments were very strong.

In his note, the former dragoman of Porto strongly condemns the Ottoman Empire's social and state system based on violence and arbitrariness. The situation of the Sultan's numerous Christian subjects was particularly difficult. "Neither their property, nor their identity, nor their wives, nor their children are safe-

17 Arsh G. L. Uk. soch., pp. 59-62.

18 TSGVIA SSSR, f. 489, op. 2, d. 2996, l. 51.

19 AVPR, f. Chancellery, 1816, d. 2309, ll. 280-281.

20 In the 1930s and 1940s. both were consecutive diplomatic representatives of Russia in Greece.

21 AVPR, f. Chancellery, 1816, d. 2309, ll. 145 - 172. Apercu sur l'etat actuel de l'Empire Ottoman, le 2(14) avril 1816; Des relations de la Russie avec l'Empire Ottoman, le 4(16) mai 1816.

page 92

new features... To strike a dog in the streets of Constantinople is a sin, to kill a man is a crime, but to strike a Christian is nothing, and to kill him means little." The author of the note emphasized that the existence of a tyrannical regime is largely the result of the policies of European powers, primarily England. Ostensibly concerned for humanitarian reasons with prohibiting the trade in African Negroes, this power did nothing to " improve the fate of white and Christian subjects of the Ottoman Empire, who are treated worse than Negroes in the colonies." But the opinion of K. Ypsilanti, the rivalry and interests of the European powers, although they prolong the existence of the Ottoman Empire, are not able to save it from destruction. The contrast of the Ottoman Empire, according to Ypsilanti, is Greece, the lifeblood of the Greek nation. "Those who believe that the Greek nation, slaughtered and humiliated by slavery, has degraded to such an extent that it has lost the love of freedom and the memory of what it was, are greatly mistaken," the note said. All those who have studied it well will admit that there is no nation that has preserved its character to such an extent as the Greeks. The intentions they display in all cases, even if they are not very favorable, and their willingness to sacrifice everything for the sake of a small ray of hope prove what they are capable of."

In the Russian Foreign Ministry, a note by K. Ypsilanti was regarded as a presentation of the Greek point of view. Of course, in a note intended for the government of a foreign Power, although friendly to Greece, the Greek patriot could not fully disclose his views. According to his Greek biographer, on the eve of his departure from St. Petersburg in June 1816, K. Ypsilanti said goodbye to his son Alexander: "My son, never forget that the Greeks, in order to achieve liberation, must rely only on themselves."22 These words turned out to be a kind of political testament of K. Ypsilanti. He died on June 27 (July 9), 1816 in Kiev. "Russian Invalid" reported: "Prince Konstantin Ypsilanti, former lord of Moldavia and Wallachia, died suddenly in Kiev. He made the journey from St. Petersburg to Kiev in 10 days, arrived there on June 26 at 10 pm in perfect health, dined in the midst of his family who were happy to see him, went quietly to bed and-the next morning, at 7 o'clock, did not exist any more. 23 Other Russian periodicals published obituaries of K. Ypsilanti. "This man," wrote the magazine Son of the Fatherland, in particular, "became famous for his talents, scholarship, intelligence, firm character and-disasters." 24 K. Ypsilanti was buried in Kiev in St. George's Church.

His heirs received a lease for a period of 1817-1867 from state property: the village of Nedelkovo, Budeyansky folvark (the villages of Budey, Smolyanka, part of the villages of Serby and French belonging to the treasury) of the Baltic uyezd and Kosnitsky folvark (the village of Velikaya Kosnitsa and the town of Tsekinovka) of the Yampolsky uyezd of the Podolsk province. with an annual income of 10117 rubles. in silver 25 . In addition to this "rental property", the Ypsilanti family also had its own estate in Russia, acquired during the lifetime of K. Ypsilanti. It was located in Novozybkovsky uyezd of Chernihiv province and consisted of the villages of Khoromna, Solovyovka and der. Kirilovka 26 . The heirs of the former ruler also inherited his considerable land ownership in Moldavia and Wallachia, which was under the protection of Russian consuls in the principalities. In general, the Ypsilanti family became even richer than it was before moving to Russia: it now owned land and peasants in two states, bringing an annual income of 120 thousand rubles. But a significant part of it was spent on paying off previously made debts .27
22 Filimonos I. Dokimion istorikon peri tis Ellinikis Epanastaseos. T. 2. Athinai. 1859, s. 73.

23 Russian Invalid, 1816, July 13, N 161, p. 658.

24 Son of the Fatherland 1316 ch. 31, p. 87; see also: Conservateur Impartial, 1816, 11 (23) juillet, N 55, pp. 2215-226.

25 TsGIA OF the USSR, f. 1152, op. 1, d. 84, l. 2.

26 According to the 8th revision (1833), there were 1,513 souls of male serfs in these settlements (TsGIA of the Ukrainian SSR, f. 490, op. 4, d. 182, l. 120).

27 Arsh G. L. Uk. soch., p. 66.

page 93

After the death of K. Ypsilanti, his son Alexander became the head of the Greek aristocratic family. Being registered in the military service, he successfully advanced through the ranks: on December 12 (24), 1817, he was promoted to Major General and appointed commander of the 1st brigade of the 1st Hussar Division 28 , he received the general's rank at the age of 25. His princely title, proximity to the court, and considerable land ownership put him on a par with the Russian nobility and opened the doors of high society to him. The young aristocrat was not indifferent to titles, ranks and social status. But still, other life aspirations and goals determined his spiritual appearance, illuminated his life path. From a young age, he was an ardent Greek patriot. In St. Petersburg, in the pre-war years, he met another Greek patriot, John Kapodistrias, a former Secretary of State of the Ionian Republic, who entered the Russian service. When a guard officer and a diplomat met at the home of Ypsilanti's relative R. Sturdza, they often turned to the fate of Greece. "The hope that the Greek people would one day be free was a rosy dream to us," 29 Ruth recalled of these conversations. Sturdza (Edling). The formation of patriotic beliefs of Alexander and his brothers was greatly influenced by their father. Later, A. Ypsilanti, among the main motives that prompted him to lead the Greek uprising, will name the" last will " of his late father .30 The Ypsilanti brothers ' worldview was also determined by the general mood of Greek society.

By the end of the 18th century, the Greek national liberation movement was founded, associated with the name of the revolutionary democrat and poet Rigas Velestinlis (c.1757 - 1798). Rigas ' liberation plans were discovered by the Austrian police, who handed him over to the Turkish authorities. The executioner's hand ended the life of a patriot and fighter. Rigas ' liberation ideas and martyrdom made a huge impression on the entire Greek world, and inspired hundreds of new fighters to fight. At the time of the discovery of the Rigas plot, K. Ypsilanti was a dragoman of the Porte, and the story of the Greek revolutionary's life and death was well known in his family. The fiery "War Hymn" of the revolutionary poet became a favorite song of A. Ypsilantis . Alexander and his brothers were particularly impressed by the lines addressed to the Greeks who were serving in foreign armies: "Hurry home! Your sword has served others long enough. Hurry home! Victory is now needed by our own people. " 32
Speaking about the ideological formation of the Ypsilanti brothers, especially Alexander, one cannot ignore the spiritual atmosphere in Russia in which they grew up and matured. Alexander could not safely enjoy the benefits of life here, knowing that his countrymen were oppressed and suffering. Among his Russian friends - officers, there were quite a few people who were rich and noble, but who were ready to sacrifice their career, fortune, and life itself for the sake of liberating the motherland from autocracy and serfdom. These were the future Decembrists. A. Ypsilanti undoubtedly had a spiritual relationship with them. A. Ypsilanti personally communicated with many Decembrists. In 1816, he was a member of the Three Virtues Masonic lodge in St. Petersburg, which also included P. I. Pestel, S. G. Volkonsky, S. P. Trubetskoy, brothers M. I. and S. I. Muravyov-Apostoly, N. M. Muravyov33 . Among his closest friends was the prominent Decembrist M. F. Orlov. There is information that A. Ypsilanti himself was offered to join one of the secret Decembrist organizations, 34 but he did not accept the offer. Believing that he had already fulfilled his duty to his adopted homeland, Russia, the young general waited

28 Collection of biographies of cavalry guards. Book 3, p. 195. This command position, apparently, was nominal (TsGIA USSR, f. 958, op. 1, d. 236, l. 2).

29 From the notes of Countess Edeling. - Russian Archive, 1887, book 1, N 2, p. 206.

30 Prokesch-Osten A. Geschichte des Abfalls der Griechen vom Turkischen Reiche im Jahre 1821 und der Griindung des Hellenischen Konigreiches. Bd. 3. Wien. 1867, S. 61.

31 See Arsh G. L. Eterist movement in Russia, Moscow, 1970, pp. 116, 117, 239.

32 Mikhailov M. L. Collected Poems, L. 1969, p. 483.

33 Pypin A. N. Public movement in Russia under Alexander I. St. Petersburg, 1900, p. 320.

34 See Arsh G. L. Eterist movement in Russia, p. 273.

page 94

The moment when his authority, military experience, and patriotism are needed in Greece. And this moment has come.

After the tragic death of Velestinlis, the national movement in Greece and in Greek communities abroad continued to gain strength. The Greek communities of Southern Russia have become a new and important pillar of the struggle for the liberation of Greece. The Greek communities of Odessa, Taganrog, Izmail, Kerch and other Black Sea cities were then experiencing a period of material prosperity and cultural uplift, which was facilitated by the official policy of "patronage" of the Orthodox population of the Ottoman Empire and the sympathy of Russian society for the enslaved Balkan peoples. Greek immigrants in Russia maintained close ties with their homeland, lived on the aspirations and hopes of their compatriots. It was in this environment that the secret national liberation organization emerged, which was destined to become the "midwife" of the revolution of 1821.

Filiki Eteria (Friendly Society) was founded in Odessa in 1814. Its founders were representatives of the Greek "third estate": a small merchant N. Skufas, a student A. Tsakalov and a clerk E. Xanthos. The liberation of Greece by armed insurrection was the main goal of this society. Counting primarily on their own strength in the struggle for liberation, the leaders of Greek society also hoped for help from Russia. Even more important was the psychological factor: the deep-rooted belief among the Greeks that deliverance from Ottoman slavery would bring them a co-religionist Russia. Etherists tried to use this belief to strengthen the prestige of their organization. To a certain extent, this was also due to the structure of the secret society, in the construction of which some Masonic forms and rituals were used. Filiki Eteria was a deeply secretive organization. A special aura of secrecy surrounded its steering committee - Archi (Power). No one but its members knew either the composition or location of the "Invisible Supreme Authority" - as ordinary Etherists called this body. All this created the basis for the widespread opinion that the Russian government and Alexander I were hiding behind the Archi.

Operating exclusively in Russia for the first years, Filiki Eteria expanded its activities to Greece itself and other places where Greeks lived in 1817-1819. Most of the new members recruited were merchants. Prominent Kleft and Armatol captains , some Koja Bashi of the Peloponnese, and prelates of the Church also joined the society. In this way, the national liberation organization also gained adherents in the upper strata of Greek society. But it also created serious problems for Filika Eteria. The Greek leaders, fearing a popular uprising, preferred to liberate Greece "from above" with the help of the tsar. These circles persistently tried to find out the true nature of Filika Eteria's relations with the Russian government. Everything that is secret becomes clear after a while, and even secret societies are no exception in this respect. If it turned out that the Archi was made up of obscure merchants, that in fact this body was not connected with Russia in any way, then this would turn the most influential forces of Greek society against Filika Eteria at that time. In order to prevent a serious crisis of the liberation organization that was already brewing, its leaders decided to attract some reputable Greek figure, if possible connected with Russia. Their eyes turned to I. Kapodistrias.

Kapodistrias ' authority in the Greek world was enormous. A modest official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with whom A. Ypsilanti met in 1809 - 1811 in St. Petersburg, he made a dizzying career, became state Secretary and trusted adviser to Alexander I on foreign policy issues. However, he remained convinced

35 Kleftas ( Greek: kleftis-rebel, rebel) - groups of armed peasants who fought against the Ottoman conquerors. Armatoles (from Ital. armato - armed) - kleft detachments that entered into an agreement with the Turkish authorities and performed the functions of internal guards.

36 Kocabashi (Turkish) - headman. This was the name of the wealthy elite of Greek society, in whose hands local government was located under Ottoman rule.

page 95

a Greek patriot. He used his high position in the Russian government to spread the enlightenment in Greece and protect the national rights of the population of his homeland-the Ionian Islands, which fell under English rule. But Kapodistrias, like some other prominent Greek figures, believed that Greece was not yet "ripe" for independence, and at that time opposed an armed uprising. Therefore, negotiations with him by the representative of Archbishop Xanthos, who arrived in St. Petersburg in January 1820, were fruitless .37 Then Xanthos decided to apply with a proposal to join the Archi to Alexander Ypsilanti, who was in St. Petersburg. The name Ypsilanti was known throughout Greece. The members of this family have already shown their commitment to the goals and principles of Filiki Eteria: At the beginning of 1819, Nikolai Ypsilanti, followed by Dmitry and George, joined the secret society. However, Alexander at that time refrained from joining the liberation organization until he received more complete information about its activities .38
The first meeting between A. Ypsilanti and the Eterist emissary took place, apparently, at the end of March 1820. Xanthos said he was in the Russian capital on trade business. The conversation turned to the situation in Greece. Xanthos noted that the Turkish oppression is becoming more and more unbearable, and the Greeks have neither the means nor the leaders to do anything to improve their situation. Then A. Ypsilanti said: "If I become aware that my countrymen need me, and if I come to the conclusion that I can do something for their happiness, then I solemnly declare to you that I am ready to sacrifice everything, even my position and life, for their sake." The next day, Xanthos informed the Ypsilanti of the true purpose of his mission. He took this message with enthusiasm and showed a willingness to throw in his lot with the secret society. He was accepted into the Filiki Eteria and was given the underground nickname Kalos (The Good One). In the interests of the successful preparation of the liberation uprising, A. Ypsilanti offered to assume sole leadership of the secret society, promising to give an account of his actions to the nation after the end of the revolution. Xanthos agreed. April 12 (24), 1820 In St. Petersburg, an act was signed appointing His Serene Highness Prince Alexander Ypsilanti "Inspector General of the Greek Society." 39 The arrival of A. Ypsilanti to the leadership of Filiki Eteria was a victory for the radical wing of the Greek national liberation movement, an affirmation of its course for the liberation of Greece through a general uprising of the people. With the adoption of A. Ypsilanti's leadership, the Archi, as a group of real-life individuals, ceased to exist. But it remained as a symbol of a powerful force that "secretly directs" the activities of Greek society. In the instructions that A. Ypsilanti sent from St. Petersburg to Greece to prominent etherists after taking up his duties, he officially referred to himself only as the "general commissioner of the Archi". In Greece, it was known that A. Ypsilanti was a general of the Russian service, close to the court. Therefore, the opinion that existed in Greek society that Russia was behind Filika Eteria became much stronger. According to the Greek historian I. Filimon, " the triad: Archi, Ypsilanti, Petersburg had the greatest magical power. Beyond it, the Greek was no longer looking for anything. " 40
In the end, the Greeks ' hopes for Russia's help in their liberation, based on the experience of history, were fulfilled. The Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 ensured the successful outcome of the Greek national liberation revolution. However, Russia's military intervention took place after the heroic struggle of the Greek people led to irreversible changes in the international situation and the Eastern issue once again rose to full prominence on the political scene. But in 1815-1820, the tsarist government pursued a policy of preserving the status quo in the Balkans, normalizing and improving relations with the Port. Certainly,

37 For more information, see Arsh G. L. I. Kapodistrias and the Greek National Liberation Movement. 1809-1822 Moscow, 1976.

38 See Arsh G. L. Eterist movement in Russia, pp. 209-210, 241.

39 Ibid., pp. 242-243.

40 Filimonos I. Op. cit. T. 1. Athina. 1859, s. 36.

page 96

Russia was not going to give up its right to "patronize" the Sultan's Orthodox subjects. But the St. Petersburg cabinet was not going to patronize the Balkan revolutionaries. The activities of the Greek secret society, which was known to the tsarist government only in the most general terms, were condemned. Therefore, it was impossible to count on the fact that official St. Petersburg would support the uprising in Greece, which this society was preparing .41
A. Ypsilanti received this disappointing information about the Russian position from I. Kapodistrias, with whom he met several times in the spring and summer of 1820. Nevertheless, the Greek patriot did not lose hope that he would be able to get some help from Alexander I in the liberation of Greece. In June 1820, A. Ypsilanti went to Tsarskoye Selo in order to obtain the consent of Alexander I for a vacation, motivated by the need to travel abroad for medical treatment (his state of health was really bad). He also had a secret idea, if possible, to talk privately with the king about the plight of Greece. And the opportunity seemed to present itself: Ypsilanti met the king walking alone in the palace park. The tsar saw his former adjutant and spoke to him. But as soon as Tom indirectly indicated that he would like to talk about the situation of Greece, the king interrupted him with the words: "You are still young and enthusiastic, my dear, but you can see that Europe is calm." 42
Convinced of the tsar's sentiments, the leader of the Filiki Eteria decided nevertheless to force the preparation of a liberation uprising. The plans of the Greek revolutionaries were favored by the outbreak of an armed conflict in the summer of 1820 between the Porte and its vassal Ali Pasha of Ioannina, whose power extended to a significant part of Greece. After receiving a vacation, A. Ypsilanti left St. Petersburg for the south of Russia on June 24 (July 6), 1820. The purpose of the trip was to raise funds for the liberation of Greece. Responding to the appeal of A. Ypsilanti, rich Greek merchants of Moscow, Odessa, Taganrog donated tens of thousands of rubles for this purpose. The Ypsilanti brothers themselves contributed a large sum to the national liberation struggle fund.

After a two-month stay in Odessa, A. Ypsilanti arrived in Chisinau in mid-October 1820. On the way, he stopped at Izmail, where the military council of Filiki Eteria was held. It was decided to launch a liberation uprising in the Peloponnese in two months under the leadership of A. Ypsilanti, who was to arrive there on a ship specially sent to Trieste for him. Of course, the preparations for the liberation uprising were conducted by the head of the Eterists in deep secrecy. Did the local authorities know anything about Ypsilanti's plans? It is hardly possible to answer this question definitively. It is only a fact that the Russian Government was not informed in a timely manner about the preparations for the Ypsilanti liberation movement. Already after the beginning of the Greek uprising, the Novorossiysk Governor-General A. F. Langeron, who was reprimanded for the lack of "careful supervision" of A. Ypsilanti's actions, wrote: "Mr. Prince Alexander Ypsilanti , as well as Prince George Kantakuzen 43, spent time here (in Odessa. - GA) last summer, and I often met with them, they told me a lot about their desire to see the revival of the former Greece... However, at that time neither I nor even the two princes believed in the proximity of the explosion, which was undoubtedly accelerated by exceptional circumstances. " 44
The governor of Bessarabia, I. N. Inzov, who also received a reprimand, explained his inaction by saying that " during the entire stay of Prince Ypsilanti in Kishinev, no doubt could be drawn from his treatment and actions about the indignation he had undertaken... Always avoiding all discussion of political matters, Nixod did not say a single word to suggest that he might have been wrong.

41 For more details on Russia's policy towards Greece and other Balkan countries on the eve of 1821, see: International Relations in the Balkans 1815-1830, Moscow, 1983, pp. 65-126.

42 Memoires du prince Nicolas Ypsilanti. Athenes - P. S. a., p. 116.

43 G. M. Kantakuzen-retired colonel of the Russian army, active etherist.

44 Foreign policy of Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Series II, vol. IV (XII). Moscow, 1980, p. 131.

page 97

did not take any part in them " 45 . If you compare these reports, you may get the impression that A. F. Langeron, unlike I. N. Inzov, was to some extent introduced by A. Ypsilanti to the course of his plans. But this impression is deceptive. In Odessa, it was not about specific plans for the uprising - they did not exist at that time - but, first of all, about the beliefs of the Greek patriot, which A. Ypsilanti did not hide to anyone in Russia. The head of Filiki Eteria arrived in Chisinau with a ready-made plan for the liberation war. As a military man, Ypsilanti, of course, was well aware of the need to keep this plan a complete secret from the uninitiated. He made one exception, though. In Chisinau, A. Ypsilanti met his old friend M. F. Orlov, commander of the 16th Division stationed in Bessarabia. The head of Filiki Eteria informed the head of the Bessarabian cell of the Union of Welfare about the liberation action he was preparing and discussed with him the possibility of M. F. Orlov's division speaking in support of it. 46
The Kishinev house of M. F. Orlov was also visited by A. S. Pushkin, who was exiled from St. Petersburg for his freedom-loving poems. Here, at one of the balls in early November 1820, the disgraced poet met A. Ypsilanti. A friend of A. S. Pushkin, V. P. Gorchakov, later recalled: "The family of Prince Ypsilanti was everywhere given special respect, as the family of the Gospodar, respected by our Government. When I met the prince at one of the first balls in our general's uniform, it seemed strange to me why, on my first acquaintance, I had seen him in a Hungarian dress; but they explained to me that kn. Alexander is out of commission in the cavalry, and intends to leave the service, and therefore allows himself some digressions; besides, the Hungarian woman is more closely related to the ancestral rank of the Greeks, and I immediately learned that the prince served with honor in our troops and was distinguished by remarkable bravery. During this story, Pushkin was standing next to me; he looked at Ypsilanti with special attention: Pushkin respected courage and boldness as an expression of spiritual strength. " 47 Apparently, Pushkin met Ypsilanti in Chisinau more than once. Four months later, the freedom-loving poet is delighted to learn about the actions of the leader of the Greek revolutionaries A. Ypsilanti. But even before that, the Russian poet and the Greek patriot were connected by mutual friends. For example, the Ypsilanti were also close friends with the poet's family of General N. N. Raevsky. They also had common professional interests.

Few people knew that Alexander Ypsilanti was also a poet. This was known only to the general's Greek friends, who repeated his poems full of genuine feeling. A. Ypsilanti's poem "The Exile Bird" has come down to us, where the bitter fate of the Greeks, who were forced to leave their homeland by foreign tyranny, is depicted in an allegorical form: "Sad bird, stray wanderer, where is your nest? Your way to where? I am an exile from my native land: I have no goal, and no nest! I don't care where my path goes: my heart will never get rid of bitter worries, it will never find happiness."48 . Among the few contemporaries who knew about A. Ypsilanti's literary studies was A. S. Pushkin .49
In November 1820, Ypsilanti fell ill. The illness, which doctors assumed was the result of his injury, lasted about three months. At this time, alarming news began to arrive in Chisinau about the Port's disclosure of the plans of the eterists. So, barely recovered, the head of Eteria decided to act. He was forced to abandon the trip to the Peloponnese and immediately begin a performance in the nearby Danubian principalities, in order to divert the attention of the Porte from the preparations of his associates in Greece. Filiki Eteria, which operated on a general Balkan scale, also had a certain support in the principalities. In particular, it managed to secure the support of the Moldovan ruler M. Sutsu. A. Ypsilanti's intentions were also favored by the uprising of Tudor Vladimirescu, which began in Wallachia at the end of January 1821.

45 AVPR, f. Chancellery, 1821, d. 4894, l. 56.

46 For more information, see Arsh G. L. The Eterist Movement in Russia, pp. 279-283.

47 Gorchakov Vl. About A. S. Pushkin (Excerpts from the diary). - Moskvityanin, 1850, N 2, p. 156.

48 Mikhailov M. L. Uk. soch., p. 486.

49 See Pushkin A. S. Poly. Collected Works, vol. 12, Moscow, 1949, p. 46.

page 98

On February 21 (March 5), 1821, A. Ypsilanti left Chisinau. He was accompanied by his brothers George and Nicholas. On the same day, they crossed the Russian - Turkish border. Alexander drove through the Russian border post on a foreign passport signed by the manager of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs K. V. Nesselrode50 . Georgy , who was dismissed on October 20 (November 1), 1820 for" domestic reasons " with the rank of captain 51, also had permission to leave Russia. Mikalai, who had previously applied for a vacation abroad and did not wait for the court's decision , crossed the border illegally. On February 24 (March 8), 1821, the head of the Filiki Eteria published an appeal to the Greek people in Iasi: "Now is the time to overthrow this unbearable yoke, to liberate the fatherland... Let us call again, brave and generous Greeks, for freedom in the classical land of Greece! Let's fight between Marathon and Hermetic Saws! Let us fight on the tombs of our fathers, who fought and fell there to keep us free... So to arms, friends: the fatherland calls us! " 53 . This appeal found a broad response. Volunteers began pouring in from all parts of the world to join Eteria's banner. A. Ypsilanti's voice was also heard in Greece. At the end of March 1821, the uprising swept the Peloponnese and then quickly spread to other regions of Greece. The Greek National Liberation Revolution of 1821-1829 began.

Alexander I, having learned about the Ypsilanti campaign in Laibach (modern times). Ljubljana) at the Congress of the Holy Alliance, strongly condemned it. It was stated that the king would not give Ypsilanti any support, either directly or indirectly. The Ypsilanti brothers were dismissed from the Russian service and banned from returning to Russia .54 However, the Russian society, which always found a sympathetic response to the liberation aspirations of the Greek people, met Ypsilanti's speech with approval and admiration. A. S. Pushkin, who was near the scene of the events, most accurately expressed these feelings: "Alexander Ypsilanti's first step is beautiful and brilliant. He started happily - from now on and dead or the winner belongs to history-28 years, a severed arm, a generous goal!"55 . On March 23 (April 4), 1821, A. I. Turgenev wrote from St. Petersburg to P. A. Vyazemsky: "In Moscow and here they read the Ypsilanti proclamation, which you probably already have. What a beautiful immortality if he gets it." In turn, P. A. Vyazemsky, who was in Warsaw at that time, asked a friend: "What do they say about the hero Ypsilanti?" 56 .

However, Ypsilanti's speech aroused sympathy not only among the leading people of Russia. In action, it was approved, based on the traditions of official Russian policy, and some conservative figures, including representatives of the generals. In one of the letters of those days, General P. D. Kiselyov (Chief of Staff of the 2nd Army, later a prominent statesman) has the following statement:: "Ypsilantius, having crossed the border, has already transferred his name to posterity... God help him in his holy work; I would like to add - and Russia. " 57
Ypsilanti's four-month campaign in the Danubian principalities, which became one of the episodes of the long and stubborn Greek war of independence, ended unsuccessfully. The Eterist army was defeated in an unequal struggle. Brothers (Alexander, George,

50 Zablotsky-Desyatovsky A. P. Graf P. D. Kiselev and his time. Vol. IV. SPb. 1882, p. 12.

51 Collection of biographies of cavalry guards. Book 3, p. 283.

52 The order for the dismissal of Staff Captain N. Ypsilanti on leave "abroad, until the disease is cured" was signed by the tsar on March 3(15), 1821, before it became known about the revolutionary action of the Ypsilanti brothers (Odessa Regional State Archive (OOGA), f. 2, op. 1, d. 720, l. 79).

53 Russian Archive, 1868, pp. 294-297.

54 AVPR, f. Chancellery, 1821, d. 11848, l. 189; Proksh-Osten A. Op. cit. Bd. 3, S. 65-67.

55 Pushkin A. S Poln. sobr. soch. T. 13, M. 1949. p. 24.

56 Ostafyevsky archive of the Princes of Vyazemsky, vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1899, pp. 181, 183.

57 Letters of P. D. Kiselyov to A. A. Zakrevsky. - Collection of the Russian Historical Society. St. Petersburg, 1891, l. 78, p. 64. See also: Narochnitsky A. L. Greek National Liberation Movement and Russia (1801-1831). In: Balkan Studies. Issue 7. Istoricheskie i istoriko-kul'turnye protsessy na Balkany [Historical and historical-cultural processes in the Balkans], Moscow, 1982, pp. 124-127.

page 99

Nicholas) were tricked into entering Austrian territory, thrown into a fortress, and held there in captivity until the end of 1827. Another Ypsilanti, Dmitry, played an active role in the national liberation war. Here is his story, no less dramatic. He was a year younger than Alexander, but due to various circumstances, he began his military career in Russia nine years later. In 1815, when Alexander was already a colonel, Dmitry was enlisted as a cornet in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment and assigned to assignments under General N. N. Raevsky. E. Ypsilanti then gave this characteristic to this son: "He speaks several languages, has completed a full course in mathematics, so he can be usefully used for such a course." kind of service " 58 . This service lasted more than five years and gave a lot to the future Greek commander, both from a professional and human point of view. General N. N. Rayevsky was an outstanding military commander, a hero of 1812, a noble man; the younger generation of this family was distinguished by freedom-loving moods .59 Communication with a wonderful Russian family probably helped D. Ypsilanti develop the firmness of spirit and courage shown during the War of independence of Greece. The writer A. F. Veltman, who served at the headquarters of the 2nd Army, recalled a meeting with D. A. Schulz. Ypsilanti at the end of 1820 at one of the balls in Chisinau: "Leaning against the table, stood thoughtfully thin adjutant... His compressed face, somewhat aquiline nose, almost bald head, no more than a foot in the shoulders, legs like flutes, in breeches with stripes, did not in the least foreshadow the future commander of Greece, Dimitri Ypsilanti."60
Dmitry, who also linked his fate with Filiki Eteria, stayed in Russia for some time after the Greek Revolution began. Then A. Ypsilanti decided to send him as his representative to Greece. In April, 1821. Dmitry secretly left Russia. It was entered in the passport of the merchant-etherist P. Anagnostopoulos as his clerk A. Stostopopoulos. After passing through the Austrian possessions, Dmitry boarded a ship in Trieste and on June 8 (20), 1821, landed on the island of Hydra 61, and soon became a prominent leader of the national liberation struggle. In 1822, the former staff captain of the 62nd Life Guards Hussar Regiment was elected chairman of the Legislative Corps of Revolutionary Greece. He proved to be a talented commander, who saved the situation more than once at critical moments for the revolution. He was distinguished by his ardent patriotism, firm commitment to the principles of independence and freedom. In 1826, D. Ypsilanti protested against the decision of the National Assembly to enter into negotiations with the Porte through the mediation of Great Britain-a decision that, in his opinion, threatened the independence of Greece. Deprived of his civil rights and removed from command, he continued to fight as a simple soldier. In 1828, during the reign of I. Kapodistrias, D. Ypsilanti was appointed commander-in-Chief of the troops of Eastern Greece. On September 12 (24), 1829, his troops won the Battle of Petrai , the last battle of the War of Independence started by his brother. Dmitry Ypsilanti, according to historians, is one of the brightest personalities of the Greek Revolution. He died on August 16 (28), 1832 in Nauplia, then the capital of the Greek state.

All of his brothers ended their lives away from Greece, the liberation of which they devoted their lives. Alexander died on January 19 (31), 1828 in Vienna, a few months after his release from an Austrian prison. George and Nicholas were allowed by Nicholas I to return to Russia, where their mother, sisters and younger brother remained. This decision, which annulled the corresponding measure of Alexander I, was not taken out of charity: the struggle for Greek independence was coming to a successful end, and the powers, including tsarist Russia, were intensely competing for influence over the new state. Allowing the Ypsilanti brothers to return,

58 Arsh G. L. Materials, p. 61.

59 Raevsky's two sons were involved in the investigation of the Decembrists, and his daughters were married to the Decembrists S. G. Volkonsky and M. F. Orlov.

60 Cit. by: Maikov L. Pushkin. Biographical materials for historical and literary essays. St. Petersburg, 1899, p. 116.

61 Arsh G. L. Eterist movement in Russia, pp. 317-318.

62 The last rank of D. Ypsilanti in the Russian army.

page 100

At the same time, the tsar ordered the establishment of police surveillance over them. Little is known about the last years of the Eterist brothers ' lives spent in Russia. Apparently, for the first time after their return, they lived in the family estate of Kosnitsa, Podolsk province. Later (according to police reports - in the second half of 1831) N. Ypsilanti moved to Odessa. A local police report from the beginning of 1833 described him as "Living with a relative of his real State Councilor, Mr. Negri, of noble conduct." 63 Nikolai Ypsilanti died in Odessa on April 3 (11:), 183364 .

In 1842, between George Ypsilanti, on the one hand, and the young children and widow of his brother Grigory, who died in 1835, on the other, a division of family property was made. G. Ypsilanti got rental estates in Podolsk province. and part of the hereditary lands in Wallachia. But the Podolsk landowner "Prince Yegor Konstantinov son of Ypsilanti, captain of the Guards", as he signed in his business papers, by no means forgot another time of his life. In 1843, he made a trip to Greece .65 George Ypsilanti died on February 11 (23), 1846 in Bucharest . Elizabeth Ypsilantis outlived not only her husband, but also her children 67 . She died in Odessa on September 20 (October 2), 1866, at the age of 96. In 1857, while his grandmother was still alive, Grigory Ypsilanti's son Grigory, the only surviving member of the male generation of this family, left Russia. Before leaving, in a petition to the "highest name", he wrote:: "I was born in Russia... By nature I am a Greek, and with the identity of the Greek kingdom, I can pay my first tribute to my natural fatherland by beginning my service in Greece. " 68 Alexander Ypsilanti's nephew joined the Greek diplomatic service and served as his country's envoy to Vienna.

The Ypsilanti family house in Kiev was acquired by the Kiev Pechersk Lavra in 1832. "Ypsilantievo farmstead", as it was called before the October Revolution, has been preserved. This ancient house with high vaulted windows on the street of the January Uprising also reminds of the stay of brave Hellenic patriots in our country.

63 OOGA, f. 1, op. 249, d. 754, l. 240.

64 AVPR, F. Main archive, III-1, 1829, d. 26 l. 40.

65 Ibid., II-6, 1844, 3.

66 TsGIA of the UKRAINIAN SSR, f. 490, op. 4, d. 182, l. 51.

Her eldest daughter Catherine Katakazi died between 1833 and 1836. We do not know the fate of her youngest daughter Maria, who married the Moldavian boyar A. Schina in 1823. Elena Ypsilanti (Negri), the daughter of K. Ypsilanti from her first marriage, died on May 27 (June 8), 1837 in St. Petersburg (Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich. St. Petersburg Necropolis, vol. III, St. Petersburg, 1912, p. 223).

68 AVPR, F. Main archive, IV-33, 1856-1860, 7, l. 2.

page 101


© library.rs

Permanent link to this publication:

https://library.rs/m/articles/view/YPSILANTI-IN-RUSSIA

Similar publications: LSerbia LWorld Y G


Publisher:

Andrija PutnikContacts and other materials (articles, photo, files etc)

Author's official page at Libmonster: https://library.rs/Putnik

Find other author's materials at: Libmonster (all the World)GoogleYandex

Permanent link for scientific papers (for citations):

G. L. ARSH, YPSILANTI IN RUSSIA // Belgrade: Library of Serbia (LIBRARY.RS). Updated: 29.01.2025. URL: https://library.rs/m/articles/view/YPSILANTI-IN-RUSSIA (date of access: 19.02.2025).

Found source (search robot):


Publication author(s) - G. L. ARSH:

G. L. ARSH → other publications, search: Libmonster SerbiaLibmonster WorldGoogleYandex

Comments:



Reviews of professional authors
Order by: 
Per page: 
 
  • There are no comments yet
Related topics
Publisher
Andrija Putnik
Белград, Serbia
53 views rating
29.01.2025 (21 days ago)
0 subscribers
Rating
0 votes
Related Articles
Заснув в сафьянах книг Мы пробудились поздно Нам нами не зажгут сиреневые звёзды В лесах росу не раскачает лень полуденных дерев Дрозды уснут в полях всех перепев... И шепот деревень загасит пламя дня Наступит ночь, как видно без меня Осталось мало Нас, сотрудников Земли Уходим, уводя Надежды корабли...
Catalog: Филология 
«Вздор!.. Гений не совершает ошибок. Его блуждания намеренны, они врата – открытия» (Джойс Д. Улисс. стр. 202). Писано в брутальные времена...
Jean Eiffel and Innovations Derivatives
Catalog: Экономика 
The Question of Changing the Global Matrix in Russia and in the World
Catalog: Экономика 
"A WORD ABOUT IGOR'S REGIMENT" IN THE "EXPERIENCE OF NARRATION ABOUT RUSSIA" BY I. P. ELAGIN
17 days ago · From Andrija Putnik
DRUZHINA AND THE GENESIS OF FEUDALISM IN RUSSIA
Catalog: История 
18 days ago · From Andrija Putnik
Many of you and your associates are operating in the hundreds of thousands, possibly millions y.e. This is about your transactions... Direct or Indirect or Potential. Not so long ago, many of you became players in "Cybereconomics". In a fundamentally new transformation of the digital world, about which many of us are still little known.. Purchase and exchange of fiat money, work on the transformation of fiat money into cryptocurrency. Buying a car, apartments, loans from financial institutions... Et cetera. There are lucky people who work in their own business or act as investors.
Catalog: Экономика 
LITTLE-KNOWN HERO OF BORODIN
Catalog: История 
20 days ago · From Andrija Putnik
THE IDEA OF SLAVIC UNITY IN THE SOCIAL THOUGHT OF PRE-REFORM RUSSIA
20 days ago · From Andrija Putnik
A. M. STANISLAVSKAYA. POLITICHESKAYA DEYATEL'NOST ' F. F. USHAKOV V GREKE [POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF F. F. USHAKOV IN GREECE]. 1798-1800
21 days ago · From Andrija Putnik

New publications:

Popular with readers:

News from other countries:

LIBRARY.RS - Serbian Digital Library

Create your author's collection of articles, books, author's works, biographies, photographic documents, files. Save forever your author's legacy in digital form. Click here to register as an author.
Library Partners

YPSILANTI IN RUSSIA
 

Editorial Contacts
Chat for Authors: RS LIVE: We are in social networks:

About · News · For Advertisers

Serbian Digital Library ® All rights reserved.
2014-2025, LIBRARY.RS is a part of Libmonster, international library network (open map)
Keeping the heritage of Serbia


LIBMONSTER NETWORK ONE WORLD - ONE LIBRARY

US-Great Britain Sweden Serbia
Russia Belarus Ukraine Kazakhstan Moldova Tajikistan Estonia Russia-2 Belarus-2

Create and store your author's collection at Libmonster: articles, books, studies. Libmonster will spread your heritage all over the world (through a network of affiliates, partner libraries, search engines, social networks). You will be able to share a link to your profile with colleagues, students, readers and other interested parties, in order to acquaint them with your copyright heritage. Once you register, you have more than 100 tools at your disposal to build your own author collection. It's free: it was, it is, and it always will be.

Download app for Android